Processes involved in the human kidney Essay

-Blood enters each kidney via renal artery and leaves each kidney via renal vein -Urine exists the kidney through a duct called the ureter and the uruters of both kidneys drain into a common urinary bladder -Kidney consists of outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla -Nephron is functional unit of vertebrate kidney -Consists of single long tubule and ball of capillaries called the glomerulus -Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus -Kidney regulates the composition of the blood and produce urine -Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces water, urea, salts, and other small solutes from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule -Nonselective -Filtrate goes into proximal tube, loop of Henle (a hairpin turn with a descending limb and ascending limb) and the distal tubule -Kidney consists of cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons (only in mammals and birds) -Most of filtrate is reabsorbed back into blood; the kidneys take out about 1% -Proximal and distal tubules are the most common sites of secretion -Very selective process with both passive and active transport of solutes -Proximal, distal tubules, and loop of Henle contribute to Reabsorption -Collecting duct also helps in Reabsorption -Mammalian’s kidney’s ability to conserve water is considered an important adaptation -Antidieretic hormone is important in osmoregulation -Made in hypothalamus and released when osmolarity in blood rises above certain point -ADH acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts by increasing their permeability to water -Causes more water Reabsorption -Is turned off through negative feedback -Juxtaglomerulur apparatus located in the vicinity of the afferent arteriole, which supplies blood to the glomerulus -When blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole drops, the enzyme rennin causes chemical reactions that create a peptide called angiotensin II -Angiotensin II increases blood pressure and blood volume by constricting arterioles and decreasing blood flow to many capillaries like the kidney -Causes more salt and water reabsorption to increase blood volume -Causes release of aldosterone, which also acts on nephron’s distal tubules and helps, reabsorb more sodium and water -Negative feedback turns rennin production off -Called the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system -Atrial natriuretic factor opposes RAAS -Released by the heart in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure -Inhibits the release of rennin -Inhibits NaCl reabsorption and reduces aldosterone release from adren

Sociology and People

Hannah Wisnewski Period 4 Sociology Mr. Taylor Essays for Test 1. Clarify how folkways, mores, and laws vary in importance within American society. Give examples of each. Their importance of folkways, mores and laws within American society is that, in combination, they help maintain a civil society. Folkways are rules or standards that cover ways of thinking, feeling, and behavior but lack moral overtones. Folkways are socially accepted however not morally significant. They are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition.But if the folkway is broken there is no moral or legal consequence. Folkways in the United States consist of supporting school activities, speaking to other students in the hall, and if male, removing hats in church. In society today we find people who always wear shorts with a suit or who talk loudly odd but society doesn’t consider them immoral. However if someone has obnoxious behavior at a party after excessive drinking can br ing in strong negative reactions from others. Mores are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores deal with morality which is the right and wrong.Mores are norms of great moral significance. Conformity to mores conveys strong social approval whereas violation conveys strong disapproval. Following folkways is generally a matter of personal choice; though conformity to mores is a social requirement. An example of a more would be if someone attends church in the nude, s/he would offend most people of that culture and be morally shunned. Laws are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials. Folkways and mores emerge together slowly and unconsciously created whereas laws were created and enforced.Mores are an important source for laws, for instant at one point the norm against murder hadn’t been written down. Then society advanced and the norm against murder became formally defined and enforced. Folkways can lead into and become mores or laws. An ex ample of a law is smoking. Up until the 1970’s smoking when mounting health convinced many people that smoking should be limited or banned in public places. As society developed, many states picked up the law against smoking in airports, government buildings, restaurants, and other open general public places. . Which theory of deviance best explains why people do deviant acts? Why? Which theory does not explain why people do deviant acts? Why? I think the control theory best explains why people do deviant acts because they conform to social norms depends on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society. Social bonds control the behavior of people and thus preventing deviant acts. Most people do not conform since they do not want to â€Å"lose face† with family, friends, or classmates. Control theory is broken into 4 parts first and foremost attachment.This is when an individual has strong attachment to groups or other individuals. Next is commitment whic h is great commitment to goal the more likely a person would be to conform. The commitment is greater than the commitment of people who do not believe they can compete within the system. Next in the four is involvement which is participation in approved social activities increases the probability of conformity. Besides positively focusing an individual’s time and energy and the participation p connects contact with valuable opinions.Last is belief in norms and values of society promotes conformity. This belief appropriateness for the rules of social life strengthens peoples resolve no to deviate from those norms. I think the strain theory does not explain why people do deviant acts because it is merely a hypothesis of Durkheim’s concept of anomie, whereas control is the social bonds controlling the behavior of people. There are four parts to the strain theory, first is innovation which an individual accepts the goal of success but uses illegal means to achieve it this is the most obvious type of deviant response.An example of innovation is robbery, drug dealing and other criminal acts. Next is ritualism where the individual rejects the goal but continues to use the legitimate means. This is where people go through the motions without really believing the process. This could be a teacher going through daily lessons however not caring about the way the students turn out. Retreatism is a deviant response in which both the legitimate means and the approved goals are rejected.Alcoholics and drug addicts are retreatists, thus meaning they are not successful nor seek to be successful. Rebellion is people who both reject success and the approved means for achieving it. However at the same time they additionally add a new set of goals and means. Some of the militia group members demonstrate this response. However they live alone to pursue the goal of changing society by doing deviant things, such as creating their own currency, deliberately violating gun laws, and threatening violent behavior against law enforcement. . America’s prisons are at a crisis. Explain how bad the prison problem has become. What are some alternatives to prison? How would you solve the prison crisis? The problem with the prisons is that they have become increasingly over populated. Some alternatives to prison are a combination of prison and probation which a mixed or split sentence known as shock probation which is designed to shock offenders into recognizing the realities of prison life. Prisoner’s serve part of their sentence in an institution and rest on probation.Another alternative is a community-based program. These programs are designed to reintroduce criminals into society. At this time the prisoners will have the opportunity to become part of society however under professional guidance and supervision. The next alternative is diversion strategy which is aimed at preventing, or greatly reducing the offender’s involvement in the c riminal justice system. This alternative involves a referral to a community-based treatment program rather than a prison or a probationary program.If I could solve the prison crisis personally I would just build more prisons out in the middle of nowhere so I can keep everyone safe and protected. I feel like if an individual is in prison for something they have done then they deserve to be there away from society. Personally I don’t feel like going from prison to prohibition really does much because who’s to say they will not commit crime again? Maybe this time even worse than the last because the individual (criminal) could want revenge.

In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged

Coursework 2 Name: Mohamed Abdulwahab Exercise metabolism Title: In the light of the energy systems used during prolonged endurance events, critically analyse the nutritional strategies that a marathon runner should adopt before and whilst running a marathon in temperate environmental conditions (16-18oC). 1. Introduction: 1. 1 Energy intake: 1. 2 Fluid intake: 1. 3 Carbohydrate intake: 2. Building energy and fluid: 1. Before competition: 2. During competition: 3. Nutritional recommendation: 3. 0 Summary: 4. 0 Reference: 1. 0 Introduction:The term energy system refers to the body’s ability, or power, to do physical work. The energy system requires to do body work that takes several different forms: mechanical, electrical, light, radiant, and heat (Economos, 1993). Energy system is like matter, which can neither be created nor destroyed (Bortz, 1993). It can only be changed into another form; therefore energy is constant cycle in the body and environment (Nelson, 1993). Potenti al energy is stored energy which is ready to be used. Kinetics energy is active energy which can be used to do work (Burke, 1991). Energy balance n a physical activity requires a base of sound nutrition to supply the substrate fuels, which along with oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) meet widely varying levels of energy demand for body action (Gollan, 1991). Fuel sources are the basic energy nutrition in the diet, primarily carbohydrate and some fat (Read, 1991). Their metabolic products-glucose, glycogen, and fatty acids-provide ready fuel sourced for the chemical energy reactions within cells (Murray, 1998). The main energy compound of the body cells is needed during a marathon run is aerobic system (Horswill, 1998).It has rightly a form of energy currency of the cell. A long-term energy system, when exercising more than 2 minutes is required O2 dependant, or aerobic energy system (Pate, 1992). A constant supply of O2 in the blood is necessary for continued exercise (Branch, 1992). Espe cially cells organelles, the mitochondria are located within each cell, produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Hargreaves, 1996). The ATP is produced mainly from glucose and fatty acids and supplies the continued energy needs of the body (Dillo, 1996).When the fuel nutrition becomes depleted during exercise, as an energy demands increase the body burns blood glucose and muscle glycogen as well as reserves from fatty acids to provide energy (Angus, 1996). With prolonged exercise levels of these nutrition fail too low to sustain the body continued demands, fatigue followed and exhaustion threatens (Fabbriao, 1996). A marathon runner, energy system is defined as aerobic capacity, which depends on the body’s ability to deliver and the use of O2 in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of increased level of exercise (Coyle, 1986).O2 uptake increases with exercise intensity until either the demand is net or the ability to supply it is exceeded (Hammert, 1986). T he maximum rate that the body can take in O2, or aerobic capacity is called the Vo2max the maximum uptake volume of O2 (Ivy, 1986). This capacity determines the intensity and duration of exercise that an athlete can perform (Coyle, 1986). A long-distance race requires the sustained production of high rates of energy production, with the typical contribution of aerobic energy system varying according to the duration of the race (Costill, 1985).Aerobic metabolism accounts for the greater majority of the energy cost of long-distance events, especially half-marathon and marathon races (William, 1996). The elite level of long-distance running, particularly in males, is dominated by African runners, are outstanding competitor in half-marathon and marathon events (Wilson, 1996). 1. 1 Energy intake: Endurance athletes are involved in events where there is continuous movement for longer than 30 minutes (Burrin, 1996).Some endurance sports combine periods of slow, continuous movement with per iods of fast, quick burst of movement, and other endurance sports require continuous movement overlong-distances or time periods (Tsintzas, 1995). In the types of activity there is a premium on supplying sufficient energy and fluid to assure that the athlete does not become exhausted or over-heated from the continuous energy burn (Williams, 1995). A failure to supply sufficient energy of the right type will lead to early fatigue and poor athletic performance (Williams, 1995).The goal for the endurance athlete is therefore to establish a workable strategy for supplying sufficient energy and fluids (Williams, 1995). Before and during practice and competition to sustain muscular work for a long-duration and at the highest possible intensity (Wilson, 1995). Aerobic metabolism is the energy system of greatest importance for endurance athletes. In this energy pathway oxygen is used to help transfer phosphorus into new ATP molecules (Burrin, 1995). Aerobic metabolism occurs in the mitochon dria of the cells, where the vast majority of all ATP is produced from the entering acetyl-CoA, (Burrin, 1995).Fast can be converted to acetyl-CoA through a process called beta-oxidative metabolism pathway (Burrin, 1995). This pathway is very oxygen dependant which means that fast can only be burned aerobically (Wilson, 1995). The ability of an athlete to achieve a steady state of oxygen uptake into the cells is a function of how well an athlete is aerobically conditioned (Coggan, 1992). An athlete that frequently trains aerobically is likely to reach a steady state faster than one does not train aerobically (Coggan, 1992).In theory once an athlete reaches a level of oxygen uptake that matches oxygen requirement for the given level of exertion (Coggan, 1992). The exercise could go on for as long as the body’s carbohydrate level and fluid did not reach a critical state (Sherman, 1996). For instance a long-distance runner is in a steady state could continue running provided the runner replaced the carbohydrate and fluid that are used in the activity (Sherman, 1995). Therefore, endurance is enhanced with a periodic intake of carbohydrates and fluid during the activity (Swanson, 1992).Athletes with different levels of conditioning are likely to achieve steady state at different levels of exercise intensity (Sherman, 1995). When athletes are being well-conditioned they might be able to maintain a steady state at a high enough level of exercise intensity to easily win a race (Williams, 1995. In other words, they can go really at a fast paced but still provide enough oxygen to your cell to satisfy your aerobic needs (Swanson, 1992). 1. 2 Fluid: As athletes exercise there is an inevitable loss of body water through sweat (Economos, 1993).The cooling system plus the normal urinary water loss may amount cover 10 litres of daily water loss when exercising in a warm environment (Borts, 1993). In a hot or humid environment water losses may exceed three litres per ho ur, but may be less than 0. 5 litres per hour cool dry environment (Nelson, 1993). Despite the high rates of sweat losses experienced by athletes, most athletes replace on fifty percent of the water that is lost, a behaviour that inevitably leads to progressive dehydration and a decline in performance (Nelson, 1993).Researches have clearly demonstrated that even a slight dehydration of two percent of body weight causes a measureable decrease in athletic performance (Borts, 1993). Therefore, when athletes take steps to satisfy fluid requirements, they are helping to guarantee optimal athletic performance (Economos, 1993). 1. 3 Carbohydrate: Athletes require carbohydrate during both low and high intensity activities (Burke, 1991). When carbohydrate stores are depleted the athlete quickly becomes fatigued and performance drops dramatically (Gollan, 1991).However, since the storage level of carbohydrate is relatively low gen compared fat stores; athletes must make a conscious effort to replace carbohydrate at every opportunity (Read, 1991). When having high levels of stored carbohydrate (glycogen) and consuming carbohydrates during exercise that last up to an hour or more are well-established techniques for optimizing athletic endurance (Murray, 1998). Consuming carbohydrate during exercise helps to maintain blood sugar (glucose) and insulin, which encourages sugar uptake by working muscles (Horswill, 1998).This helps to increase the muscular metabolism of carbohydrates and also helps to assure that carbohydrates are not depleted during exercise (Horswill, 1998). The concentration of carbohydrate consumed early during endurance running may influence the degree to which the athlete gets gastrointestinal (GI), discomfort (Murray, 1998). It was found that a 5. 5 percent (13 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ounces of fluid), carbohydrate solution produced the same level (relative low) of GI distress as plain water (Pate, 1992). A 6. percent (18 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ou nces of fluid), solution, on the other hand, doubled the incident of distress when athletes were asked to perform the same exercise (Branch, 1992). In addition, only the 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution imparted a significant improvement in performance (Branch, 1992). In a study of marathon running performance, that are running over 26 miles, were asked to consume either water, a 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution or a 6. 9 percent carbohydrate solution on three occasions (Pate, 1992).The fastest times were recorded when they consumed the 5. 5percent carbohydrate solution, while consuming the 6. 9 percent solution resulted in times that were similar to consuming plain water (Hargreaves, 1996). Although, athletes have a tremendous need for carbohydrate, trying to provide too much too fast causes difficulties and may detract from performance (Dillo, 1996). Therefore, it appears clear that having a carbohydrate containing beverages during exercise is a very good thing to do (Angus, 1 996).Resynthesis of glycogen following activity is also important, since glycogen reserves are severely depleted following activity lasting an hour or longer (Fabbrioa, 1996). The efficiency of glycogen resynthesis is dependent on several factors, including: (1) the timing of carbohydrate intake, (2) the amount of carbohydrate consumed, (3) the type of carbohydrate consumed, and (4), the degree to which muscles has been damaged during the exercise (Fabbrioa, 1996). 2. 0 Building energy and fluid: The importance of building and maintaining energy reserves to support endurance exercise is well-established (Angus, 1996).It is very clear that endurance athlete who begins competing with more stored carbohydrates have more available at the end of the competition (Coyle, 1996). This difference alone may be enough to determine the winner. In addition, athletes who are better hydrates during competition perform better than those who are less well-hydrated (Coyle, 1996). Having optimal carboh ydrates and fluid intake does not happen automatically. It is something that must occur with foresight and planning (Angus, 1996). 2. 1 Before competition: When consuming carbohydrates prior to exercise, there is improved performance.The general recommendation is for athletes to consume between 800 to 1200 calories during the hours that precede competition (Costill, 1985). Foods consumed prior to competition should be foods that have been consumed without difficult prior to training (Costill, 1985). Trying to improve carbohydrate status before a competition by trying out new foods, like gels or sports drinks is an almost guaranteed formula for competitive disaster (Costill, 1985). Consumption of fluids prior to competition is also important and since glycogen storage requires additional fluids carbohydrate consumption should lways take place with substantial fluid intake (William, 1996). Since it is common for athletes to drink only when thirsty a conscious effort should be make to consume fluids even when not thirsty (William, 1996). Getting and staying well-hydrated may be the single most important thing athlete can do to assure good athletic performance (Wilson, 1996). Since it is almost impossible to adequately replace all fluids lost during training or competition it is useful for athletes to enter the exercise in a well-hydrated state (Burrin, 1996).It is impossible to become well-hydrated during exercise if athlete enters the exercise poorly hydrated to begin with (Burrin, 1996). Assuming that ample fluids have been consumed during the day leading up to the re-competition or practice athletes should consume an additional 10 to 13 gram of fluid approximately two hours before the exercise begins (Wilson, 1996). After this fluids should be consumed every 15 to 30 minutes to maintain prior to exercise (William, 1996). The athlete will know if you’ve adequately hydrated yourself by checking on the colour of the athlete urine (Tsintzas, 1995).Dark urin e suggests that athlete is not well-hydrated, while clear urine suggests that athlete is well-hydrated (Stanzas, 1995). Using sports beverages (lucazad) prior to exercise is useful because they provide the two things athletes need the most: carbohydrates and fluids (William, 1995). Since carbohydrate is typically the limiting energy substance (that will run out before fat or protein runs out) in exercise (William, 1995). When starting exercise with more of it is in the tissues should aid exercise endurance (William, 1995).In low-intensity but long-duration exercise, fat may be the primarily fuel, but fat requires carbohydrates to burn completely (Singh, 1995). In either case, when carbohydrates (glycogen stores and blood glucose) are depleted, exercise performance is dramatically reduced (Wilson, 1995). This basis behind carbohydrate loading is to put as much carbohydrate in the tissue as they can hold (Wilson, 1995). 2. During competition: A marathon race where fluid are available at regular intervals, the athlete should take full advantage of each fluid station and consume fluid (Burrin, 1995).Since water is constantly being lost, frequent and regular consumption of fluid helps to maintain the body water level (Burrin, 1995). To understand how much fluid an athlete needs to consume during practice or competition, a log should be maintained with the amount of fluid consumed and the beginning and ending weight of the athletes (Sherman, 1995). If an athlete consumes 26 gram during practice and weighs 26 gram less at the end of practice than at the beginning this athletes should learn to consume an additional 26 gram of fluid during practice or competition (Sherman, 1995).Consumption of fluids that contain carbohydrates is important during exercise or competition and properly designed sport beverages can benefit in providing both fluid and carbohydrates quickly (Coggan, 1992). Carbohydrate solution of between 5 and 6 percent delivers both the carbohydrate and th e fluid quickly (Swanson, 1992). A higher carbohydrate concentration slows delivery to the muscles by delaying gastric emptying and may increase the risk of gut upset (Swanson, 1992). A small amount of sodium helps drive the desire to drink and in so doing helps to assure that the athlete stays better hydrated (Coggan, 1992).Sodium may also benefit in getting the water and carbohydrate absorbed more quickly as well as helps to maintain blood volume (Economos, 1993). Maintaining of blood volume is an important predictor of athletic performance (Economos, 1993). There is some evidence that hyponatremia (low level of blood sodium), which results from large losses of sodium in sweat that goes unreplaced, occurs endurance and ultra-endurance events (Borts, 1993). This is a rare but a serious condition that may result in comas, or death (Nelson, 1993). The beverage should be taste good to the athlete.The taste sensation may be altered during exercise so there is no guarantee that a fluid, athlete enjoys drinking while exercising. Make sure that an athlete tries different flavours during exercise to determine what is best liked. The carbohydrate should be from a combination of glucose and sucrose. Beverages containing predominantly fructose increase the risk of creating gut upset. 2. 3 Nutritional recommendation: There are several rules of nutrition that apply here. Among them is the idea of the need to consume a wide range of variety of foods to assure that the body is exposed to all of the essential nutrients (Burke, 1991).On the backside of this rule, there is another benefit. By consuming a wide range of variety of foods, athletes can avoid being exposed to any potentially toxic substances that are more prevalent in some foods (Gollan, 1991). Therefore, eating a wide range of variety of foods is a good nutritional rule to live by (Read, 1991). Another rule is the idea that it is possible to eat too much of something, even if athletes think it’s good for th em (Read, 1991). Learning to balance the diet through variety will help ensure the body of both proper maintenance and adequate nutrient intake (Gollan, 1991). 3. Summary: In general, athletes with long training schedules should focus on the consumption of diets that are high in carbohydrate and should develop a drinking habit that frequently delivers fluids to the body. While fats, constitute a major proportion of burned energy for endurance (aerobic) activities the storage capacity for fat is relatively high for even the leanest athletes. The storage capacity for carbohydrate, however, is limited. Since fats require some carbohydrate to be completely burned, the limited storage capacity for carbohydrate cam limit the body ability to burn fat during exercise.To overcome this limitation athlete should be constantly vigilant to keep body stored of carbohydrate at maximal levels before activity begins and should replace carbohydrate during activity throughout whatever means are availa ble. A failure to supply suffienct carbohydrate before and during endurance activity will significantly reduce athletic performance. 4. 0 Reference: †¢ Economos, D. , Borts, Z. , and Nelson, R. 1993. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Sports. Med. 16:383. †¢ Burke, L. , Gollan, R. , and Read, R. 1991. Dietary intake and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes. Int. J. Sports Nutr. 1:378. †¢ Murray, R. and Horswill, A. , 1998. Nutrition requirements for competitive sports. In nutrition in exercise and sport, 3ed. 521-558. †¢ Pate, R. , and Branch, D. 1992. Training for endurance sport. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 24:S340. †¢ Hargreaves, M. , Dillo, P. , Angus, D. , and Fabbraio, M. 1996. Effect of fluid ingestion on muscle metabolism during pro-longed exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:363-6. †¢ Coyle, E. , Coggan, A. , Hammert, M. , and Ivy, L. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during pro-longed strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J. App l. Physiol. 61:165-172. †¢ Costill, D. 1985. Carbohydrate nutrition before, during, and after exercise.Fed. Proc. 44:364. †¢ William, C. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1996. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation early in exercise on endurance running capacity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:1373-1379. †¢ Tsintzas, O. , Williams, C. , Singh, R. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1995. Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on marathon running performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 154-6. †¢ Sherman, M. 1995. Metabolism of sugars and physical performance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:228S. †¢ Coggan, A. , and Swanson, S. , 1992. Nutritional manipulations before and during endurance exercise: effects on performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:S331.

An Event That Changed My Attitude Towards Life Essay

An accident last year changed my attitude towards life . That accident had a great impact on me , it taught me to treasure what i have and to treasure those people around me more . Although the accident was not life threatening , it was still the scariest thing i had ever been through in life . It was an accident that no one would have expected and wanted it to happen . The accident happened sometime last year during the june holidays , while i was having my council annual camp . It was the second day of the camp and we were all playing the four corners captains ball . I love ball games , as long as it is a sport but who knew such an accident would happen on me . When the game started , students were banging and pushing everyone they see as long as they are not from the same team . As the game goes into the second half , competitiveness began to rise , actions of defending and attacking was beginning to seem more obvious . It was finally my turn to play, i was so excited that i ran around attacking and defending , supporting my teammates as an when they needed me . After a while , there was a free throw ball , therefore i decided to slow walk backwards. Before slow walking backwards , i checked that there wasn’t anyone behind me just to prevent any accident to occur . After making sure that it was safe to walk backwards , i then proceeded walking backwards , but who knew a girl that was thrice my size ran pass me and i tripped over her leg and instantly fell backwards . The only thing that in my mind was not to let my head hit against the concrete ground hence i used my right hand to break my fall . I fell against the ground and my right hand lost its strength immediately. I thought that it was just a small injury therefore i just stood up , bear with the pain and walked back to my team’s home ground . While i was walking back , i felt that something was wrong as i could not move my wrist area at all . Due to my CCA we are all required to learn first aid , therefore i could sense something was terribly wrong . I then went to my friend who was also in my CCA and asked her if there was something wrong with my wrist area . When i showed her my wrist , she gasp in utter shock like she did not know what to do and had never seen any injuries like this before. I was curious why she gasped in that way and took a look at my own wrist , i then got as shocked as her as my wrist bone was jutting our and it was swollen . She touched the swollen part lightly without any force and it was so painful that i cried . The pain was excruciating , it was a type of feeling that i would never want to feel it again . Many of my teammates started crowding around me , getting more worried and concern about my hand , the president of student council was then notified about someone was injured. She then walked over to my team home ground and saw a girl on the floor crying . She got shock knowing that the person was me as i was a strong girl , no matter how pain it was i would try my best to bear with it and not drop a single tear . She was then aware of how much the pain was and knew it was unbearable . The teacher-in-charge was then notified while i was walking to his office with people supporting my wrist and my upper part of my body as did not had the strength. The teacher saw me and the state of my wrist and then told the president and my best friend to be beside me while asking the rest of the students to continue with the game before going back into his staff room to get some materials to make a temporary cast just to protect my wrist from getting hurt further . My best friend was then assigned to be by my side while my teacher drove me to the nearest hospital which was the Changi General Hospital . Honestly , it was my first time going to the Accident and Emergency department i was scared and worried about what will happen to my wrist and how will my parents react. While my teacher was doing all the registration i sat there in state of shock . It was really a blessing having my best friend by my side comforting me and constantly telling me everything will be alright . I was then called to do some X-RAYS before consulting the doctor . My parents finally came and just right it was my turn to consult the doctor , my mother then went in together with me . The doctor was then examining my X-RAYS that i took before consulting him . My heart was beating very very fast as I am a right hander and i need my right hand to do many things. Finally the doctor spoke , he said that there was no obvious or major fractures shown in my X-RAYS but i have to put an temporary cast on my hand. He then referred me to a specialist at KK Children Bone Specialist to ensure there was no hairline fracture or any small minor fractures . I was on cast for one month . My appointment with the specialist then arrived , it was a few days after my holiday trip . I then went to KK Hospital and got my cast removed as the specialist confirmed that there was no hairline fractures or what not it was only an inflamed tendon and the impact of the fall that cause it to swell. I felt so happy after my cast was being removed , but at the same time i was also upset as the physiotherapist said that i have to wear the plastic cast for at least a month and i will not be able to do anything that require strength on my wrist . To me , i was basically handicapped . I thought the that my life could not get any worser but it did . Due to the extreme pain my wrist facing , i was then prescribed with a particular painkiller called ‘Bufen’ . My family then went to my Aunt’s house for a family dinner , once i reached my Aunt’s place , i took my painkiller as i had consume food before the visit to the doctor. The painkiller itself causes drowsiness therefore i needed to take a nap after taking the painkiller . I took a nap for 1 hour and wanted to wake up for dinner but to my horror i was unable to open my eyes , i was then scared out of my wits , jumped off the bed and screamed very loudly . My Aunt , Uncle , Cousins and my parents then came into the room and on the light getting a shock after seeing my eyes . I was then crying and trying to open my eyes at the same time but all i could see was total darkness . I was only able to differentiate who was who when i listen to their voices clearly. I sat on the bed feeling panic and scared , all that was on my mind was ‘ would i go blind and never see this world again? there are still so many things i want to see and admire . i cannot afford to go blind ‘ . My dad then called up the KK Hospital and told them what happened to me , i was then asked to make a trip down to the A&E as soon as possible . My parents then immediately brought me to the A&E at KK Hospital . I was then examined and asked to stay there for a day to make sure my condition is stabilized and that there was no more allergy reaction. The doctor then came to my ward and asked me if i had any drug allergy , i said no. This was an unknown allergy that had only been discovered then . While i was lying down on my ward bed , the nurse gave me a pink liquid medication to help my allergic reaction to subside . The next morning when i woke up , i was finally able to open my eyes and the first thing i saw was my parents siting beside my bed asleep . I then realized how much i did not treasured them and how great they were . The nurse came to check on me , my parents woke up and i was able to be discharged. I was so happy that i finally could open my eyes and see the world and the bright sun . After this accident , i do still play ball games but i never walked backwards again . This accident made me realized how much i was taking my parents for granted and how much i was not contended with my life . I decided to change my point of view of my life and to change my attitude towards my life , making sure that i would not wait till something bad like that happen again to realize how much i have not been treasuring the people around me and the things i have.

“Monologue for an Onion” by Suji Kwock Kim

Poetry is a wonderful vehicle for layering meaning through metaphor.   Kim, in â€Å"Monologue for an Onion† uses the simple action of peeling onion as a metaphor for complex and hurtful relationships between people.   She artfully weaves images and meaning between the action and the relationship it stands for. Generally, a metaphor is a comparison between two unlike things.   In this poem, the speaker is represented as an onion, which represents a person who is being victimized by the one who is cutting up the onion, the peeler.   This is the basic metaphor, but the levels go even deeper.   The metaphor is the action of peeling the onion by, presumably, another person.   This other person is the one with whom onion is in a relationship.   The action of the poem depicts the final confrontation in the relationship which ends in the tragic destruction of the onion.   It is as if the peeler, one person, actually consumes the other. First, the onion itself represents a person who is being torn apart or torn down. The first person point of view is that of the onion.   On the surface, the onion is apologizing for making the peeler cry.   Most people will tear up when peeling an onion from the acid it emits.   However, in this case, the onion is making an apology to the peeler for causing this reaction, though it can be interpreted as less than sincere. Like the onion, this first person speaker has several layers of herself that remain, for the most part and by her own choice, hidden from others’ view.   Only those that get close to the onion can get to know her innermost layers.   However, in this poem, the person whom the onion represents is being made to forcibly reveal her innermost layers to the peeler before she is ready.   She accuses the peeler from â€Å"†¦peeling away my body, layer by layer,† (line 3).   The relationship between these two individuals is of utmost importance when analyzing the poem’s presentation of the metaphor. According to the speaker, the peeler is intent on reaching the innermost part of her being.   Onions are composed of many layers and anyone who has peeled them apart layer by layer knows what a lengthy task that is.   The speaker knows what it is that the peeler seeks; â€Å"Poor deluded human:   you seek my heart† (line 6).   The speaker is clearly not ready to reveal her â€Å"secret core† which she claims to be a â€Å"pure union of outside and in† (line 5-6). It should be noted that union and onion differ by only one letter, possible indicating that the speaker feels at one with herself and her being and that the peeler is seeking a union, or oneness, with her by force.   Most people understand the love and pure, truthful emotions is not something that can be forced. This insistence by the peeler, and the references to blades and cutting actions reflect their violent and abusive relationship. The attitude of the peeler is very obviously one of frustration.   He has resorted to â€Å"chopping† and â€Å"slashing† as the poem progresses.   His intent is focused on getting to the core of his partner before she is ready to let him.   Here, the tears are not from the acid of the onion, but from her acidic refusal to let him get close to her. He is the type of individual that won’t take no for an answer.   He wants all of her, immediately, and is willing to resort to violence in order to get it. Though the reasons are not explicitly stated as to why she is not willing to allow him into her heart, her scorn for his attempts are obvious.   Her apology in the opening lines does not seem heartfelt, but rather sarcastic.   After all, would an onion apologize to the one that was tearing it apart?   Probably not.   Therefore, the apology is more than likely bitter.   She wants him to share the pain that she is feeling by his constant probing, by his â€Å"blade of fresh desire† (line 26) by his hunger â€Å"to know where meaning/Lies† (lines 20-21). However, one could also respond that many times the abused person in a relationship is made to feel like the violence was caused by her, that she made her partner anger.   In this case, the onion might have actually apologized in the past, but she is clearly at the end of her proverbial rope now.   She uses insults to refer to him, such as â€Å"poor deluded human† (line 6), â€Å"Idiot† (line 10), and â€Å"poor fool† (line 28).   She is no longer willing to allow this intrusion, this violence.   She says â€Å"Enough is enough† (line 15).   She does this even even if it means her own demise. The attitude of the onion, the speaker, is one of coldness, as if she really were an inanimate object.   Perhaps this pattern has repeated itself to the point that she is immune.   She does not beg or plead for him to stop, but chastises him for seeking something that he will never be able to find.   She calls his search a â€Å"fantasy† (line 12) and him a person who is â€Å"lost in a maze of chambers, blood and love† (line 29).   This is a metaphor within a metaphor because, ironically, she is describing him as a heart, which is exactly what he is seeking from her.   She, however, has tired of his senseless, emotionally draining, and possibly even violent demands for her entire being.   She offers herself up as a sacrifice, a martyr even, but never lets him into her core. The two individuals for which the peeling an onion metaphor are unique.   The onion is a person who has many aspects to herself, many of which she simply reserves for herself. She does not delude herself that true love or perfection exists.   She comments that â€Å"You must not grieve that the world is glimpsed/Through veils.   How else can it be seen?†Ã‚   (lines 16-17), meaning that everyone looks at others through their own glasses.   Their sight will different based upon those glasses or veils.   She understands this and refuses to give in to a society which is demanding that she be an open book. The partner, lover, in this poem does believe in these fantasies and is insisting that the speaker conform to this belief as well.   All the while he is violently attempting to plunder her soul, he is weeping.   Why?   The speaker surmises that he is weeping because he realizes deep down that his quest will be futile.   She offers that â€Å"ruin and tears your only signs of progress† (line 14-15).   All he has of her heart after his savage attack is â€Å"onion juice/Yellow peels, my stinging shreds† (lines 21-22) which are not signs of love and union, even though the peeler may rather have the onion’s â€Å"blood’ rather than nothing. The peeler, then, is really the one in pieces, not the onion.   The onion knows who she is and is secure in herself.   The peeler is the one â€Å"divided at the heart† (line 28).   She accuses him of forcing love, of not understanding love, and of not being true to himself, if he knows how to be true to himself:   â€Å"You are the one/In pieces.   Whatever you meant to love, in meaning to /You changed yourself: you are not who you are† (line 23-24). This poem creates a metaphor which compares peeling an onion to the destruction of a relationship between two individuals.   One of them is secret and the other demanding.   This combination can never last.   In the poem, the end is violent, ending with the â€Å"death† of the onion.   Sadly, all too many relationships end up this way.   Kim brilliantly uses this metaphor to portray the destructiveness of this type of relationship.   

Motivation Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation Analysis - Essay Example Google expects its employees to be determined and innovative. With a casual environment in Googolplex, the organization expects employees to deliver its best and work effectively. Google Inc was founded in the year 1998 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page, which focuses on delivering the best search experience on WWW, the World Wide Web. Google with its technology and series of innovation helps its users to find information about any possible thing that the users search for with accuracy, ease and relevancy. Google offers search in multi language and offers new products and services such as advertising and web application. The products and services offered by Google include services such as Google Ad words editor which is a desktop application which is used to handle accounts of Google ad words. Google chrome a web browser and can be run in Windows XP, Vista, 7, Linux, Gun and OS X. Google Desktop, Google earth, Gmail, Google Picasa, Google photo screen saver, Google sketch, Google calendar, Google maps and others (Google-a, n.d). Google founder Sergey Brin and Larry Page had bought Google into life in 1998 and since then the company has grown immensely and today it has about 20,000 employees worldwide and its management team which represents the most experienced professionals (Google-b, n.d). The observable components of Google’s motivational strategy and methods that influences the effort and quality of work of employees are compensation which includes pay, bonuses, raises, company expenses accounts and other incentives. Google has been regarded as the best company by employees to work for and this because Google tends to offers all the compensation to its employees. Google provides a decent pay package for its employees and as per reports Google has increased salary by 10% and $1000 cash bonus as a part of its competitive compensation plan (Dorian, 2011). Google has come up with new incentives to reward employees who perform outstandingly. The award to be

Drug Courts Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug Courts - Research Proposal Example A recent research done in 1999 by College on Problems of Drug Dependence reported that, drug courts are continually providing a highly recommendable and effective control over substance-abusing offenders criminology and substance use, through court jurisdiction (p.1118). This research reported that, the rate of recidivism raged between 4% -29% for the graduates from drug court program, as compared to 48% of the substance--abusers who do not go through the drug court program. The ultimate plan of drug courts is to assist drug-using offenders to recover from drug dependency, change morally, and become a responsible citizen, who is keen enough to avoid criminal acts. The court is not focused on the punishment of the criminal offenders. Successful accomplishment of the drug court's treatment is the noble mission of the drug courts, which culminates to the dismissal of the drug charge, shortening of the sentence period, or suspension of the charge (Hennessy, & Nathaniel, 2001, p.117). On the other hand, Mental health can be defined as the situation whereby a person is affected psychologically and hence either having a level of cognitive or emotional depression. In most of the cases, mental health usually leads to inability of a person to get a balance between life activities and psychological resilience therefore being unable to enjoy life due to mental disorder/abnormality. According to the world health organization (WHO), they defined mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. (Calhoun, C. 2002, pg 23). On the other hand, mental illness can be defined as a the state whereby a person is mentally sick and hence this are usually medical conditions which do disrupt a person's thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others, and daily functioning (Calhoun, C. 2002, pg 2 3). Mental illness is just a form of illness which affects the brains of a person just like the way the pancreas is affected by disorder of diabetes. Due to the fact that mental health cases are usually culturally subjected, I believe there is a need of engaging traditional healers and practitioners in treatment of this disorders since in most of the occasion, the disorders are caused by some form of traditional beliefs or some spiritual belief and hence by including all the different professionals in this field will have some impacts on the methodology applied during treatment (Babbie, E. 2003, pg 40). Abstract: This research topic is about the outcomes of the special criminal courts application of diversionary programs on the victims of drug use and those faced with mental health and mental illness (American Psychological Association, 1995, p.185). most of the courts which deals with drugs and mental health have been used as treatment

Short answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short answers - Assignment Example s under threat from the middle class who come between the ruling royal family and the subjects therefore creating a friction between kings and subjects. While the US Republic Party proposes to introduce legislations in different economic sectors, the principles of laissez-faire notes introduction of legislations in the manufacturing industry was to blame for the improvisation for many in the country. 12. How did the economic situation in Germany at the 1848 Revolutions differ from that of England and France according to Friedrich Engels analysis of that region in chapter I of his commentary on those revolutions? In Germany the feudal system was still prevalent compared to England and France where its influence had reduced while the bourgeoisie in Germany were not as wealthy as was the case in both England and France. 13. What was the connection between the financial problems of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1848 and the political demands of the middle classes in that state as described in chapter II of Engel’s study? 14. Why, according to Engels in chapter III, was there a close relationship between opposition to orthodox Protestant or Catholic religious practice and belief and political opposition of the governments of the smaller German states of the 1840s? Religion whether catholic or protestant was considered part of the law and therefore to oppose the church was like opposing the government this means calls to break away from the main church would also be linked to calls for formation of smaller German states. 16. How, according to Engels’ chapter VI, did the Prussian Democrats under who took direction of government in that state in March 1848 divide the from the working class and peasant populations who up-risings had created the revolution? 18. Identify reasons why, according to Anarchist thinker Emma Goldman in Marriage and Love (1911), most women are reduced to base motivations, economic dependency upon men and general unhappiness within

Citizenship and Naturalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Citizenship and Naturalization - Essay Example A policy is being proposed by many that such a test should also be designed for these American people too as they should also know enough about the roots to which they belong. In my opinion such a policy is best suited for the people of America so that they are forced to know about their nation. Andrew Romano in the Newsweek Magazine provided details about the citizenship test which was attempted by the citizens of America. He briefs that 38% of the citizens failed the test and 29% of these citizens did not even know the name of the vice president. This clearly shows that the citizens of America have been quite ignorant because of no restrictions imposed upon them. Romano further compared the results with the people of Europe and found that they knew much more than the Americans did. A great percentage of the European knew about Taliban whereas a lesser percentage of the Americans knew about Taliban even though United States has been actively involved in the charge against them. The problem cannot be rooted out if the citizens do not realize the problem at the first instance. These citizens would only realize the gravity of the problem if they are posed w ith restrictions (Romano 2011). An implementation of the Naturalization Test would help these citizens to know more about their nations so that they can work as a whole. Jack Cafferty from CNN further highlighted these problems in the citizens of America. He puts forward that eligible voters do not even know about the roots of America and they end up voting the wrong person in the Congress. A naturalization test would urge these citizens to know more about their nation so that they can vote the right person for the right seat. An American citizen and an immigrant should not have much of a difference when these tests are being conducted because altogether both of these classes will turn out to be the voters for the United Nations (Cafferty

Is it better to think about commitment deficit as a projection by Essay

Is it better to think about commitment deficit as a projection by politicians, rather than as a true reflection of Australia - Essay Example There is the possibility of reorganizing or refunding debts of the federal government. In order to take these steps, there needs to be evaluation and assessment of refunding or reorganization of debts. A good way that the federal government could reorganize or refund its debts obligation is whereby the city’s administrators highlight upon the debts with high interest rates. These types of debts can hamper the government’s ability to perform other financial duties or obligations. Therefore, refunding would imply that the government would add new debt to the existing debt kitty. In turn, the government would be forced to increase debt in order to facilitate payments of both interest and the existing debts. If the government’s new debt can be increased at high interest rate, this would offer economic prosperity and other possible benefits may be realized in case the interest rates decrease such as transforming the conditions of the debt that may permit the local gov ernment of Seattle to revise their payment plan that may assist with short-term budget demands2. Refunding debts to substitute a lower interest rate may poses some economic merits, if other transformations are made, like term, there is a probability that there will be a net rise in the debt costs over the debt’s term3. ... The federal government may provide financial help in quarterly or annual terms. Another alternative is for the city to try to maximize revenues gathered. It is true that a budget is an itemized summary of intended expenditures of a certain period with proposals for financing them. Further, I concur that budget deficit are inevitable because of spending usually outweighs income. This in turn makes the government to increase taxes, raise debt ceilings, consolidate public debt, and decrease spending. In order to avoid spending, it is rational to include major budget cuts in departments such as The Executive Office of the President, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Department of State and Department of Treasury and department of Defense. Government is spending more than it is bringing in. This practice usually plunge it in financial crisis. As we can see, debt can only ruin you, whether it is in your household, city, or nation. In addition, in order to avoid debts or bankrupt cy, we make sure to pay our credit cards and we really try not to take out loans for school and vehicles. If an individual were to run a deficit on his or her household that implies that, an individual is spending more than he or she is making. Consequences for this would be bankruptcy, credit destroyed, and our house and vehicles could be taken away. It is significant to note that in order to avoid debts or bankruptcy it is rational to introduce budget cuts in every department, as this will reduce spending5. Policies, which are commonly considered for reducing a current account deficit 1. Devaluation This is where the value of the currency against other currencies is reduced. When this is utilized, there is an increase in the price

Health Promotion Campaign on Alcohol Consumption in the United Kingdom Essay

Health Promotion Campaign on Alcohol Consumption in the United Kingdom - Essay Example What is hoped is that by bringing better awareness about the affects of alcohol, it will demystify the false ideas that are associated with drinking, specifically with young people who later can turn to alcoholics without intervention. The main point of fact that this research plans to develop and discuss is how beneficial the program actual is in the country. The central discussion is focused on approaches that draw in an entire community in order to prevent binge drinking turning into the disease of alcoholism. Some issues that are centered in this research are relative to underage drinking; prevention strategies, school-based prevention for the youth, curriculum related programs, prevention through alternative activities, skills building, family focused prevention, alcohol or other drug (AOD) public policy strategies, the minimum drinking age requirements, the availability or accessibility to minors, and as was stated, community-based prevention. The conclusion of the research will testify that as long as there are programs that can offer support and services to assist people with problems related to alcohol or other addictive behaviors then there is hope to improve upon life and bring back a decent quality of life for people suffering with addictions such as this. The Health Promotion Campaign came into existence to try and minimize the ongoing problems associated with alcoholism and binge drinking among adults as well as the youth population within the United Kingdom. One of the central themes of the campaign since its origination has been to demonstrate an understanding in society that clearly shows in order to help people and ones self there has to first be acknowledgement of why there is an alcohol problem to begin with. Also, in order to bring about positive health changes within a society there has to exist an acceptance from those with an alcohol problem that they do have an adverse situation associated with alcohol they are dealing with. In order to be truly effective there has to be a rationale for alcoholism and binge drinking occurring. If the problem isn't known, then the program can never be totally effective. What is Alcoholism and Binge Drinking Alcoholism is a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychological, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. This disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by continuous or periodic: impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial (Alcoholics Anonymous Reviews 2006). The original Health Promotions campaign dealt heavily with the economic, social, and health factors of individuals at risk due to binge drinking and in fact the newer campaign has carried on this old initiatives but now with a more inclusive fashion to bring in all the adverse health and social problems that can arise due to this problem. For instance there is more awareness being given of how the effects of drinking on the major organs of the body are cumulative and are evident after continuous heavy drinking over 5 to 30 years, most notably affected are the central

Understanding cultural and ethnic identity of United States Essay

Understanding cultural and ethnic identity of United States - Essay Example Culture is people's way of life. It denotes what a people value and abides to as normal. It is that complex whole of a people's collective experience in life. It includes religion, political, economical, ethics, social and aesthetic. 'It is the sentiments of belonging or connection to ones larger culture as in case with U.S minority ethnic groups mixing their ethnic oriented values with some of the larger US cultural values' (p94). A people's culture can have strong or weak cultural salience.Cultural identity is something larger than ethnic identity; it relates the culture of one group in relation to the culture of another group especially when one group is dominant. Strong cultural salience reflects weak cultural identity and the opposite applies.Ting-Toomey defines ethnicity as an inheritance where members of a particular group perceive each other as emotionally bounded by a common set of traditional, worldviews, history, and heritage. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005).It is difficulty t o trace ones ethnic origin especially where one is from parents of multiple ethnic backgrounds. This can go back to great grandparents who had mixed ethnic heritage. Group membership among communities defines social identity along the ethnic cultural boundaries( Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005).The issue of ethnic and cultural identity has been a dominant and salient issue of many minority ethnic groups for along time... This dictated the way and how far they could practice their ethnicity and culture. Their cultures and ethnicity became threaten by this dominant culture and therefore minority community became more ethnic and cultural aware of their origin as people '...from somewhere... ' (p94) In order to understand the significance of an individual's ethnicity, it is imperative to understand the ethnic value content and ethnic salience of that person's ethnic identity salience in particular. A closer look at different ethnic backgrounds of American people, we can identify a European or a Latin, Asian and Native American by looking at the salient aspect of individualism and collectiveness. A European will tend to exhibit individualist tendencies whereas Asian, Latino and Native American will have in-group orientation thus collectiveness. Strange enough African -American will tend to blend both collectivism and individualism for the purpose of survival and adaptation. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005). The adaptability process of minority groups in America can be analyzed along a number of factors on the ground. First the social economic situations of the host culture: America is mythically known as 'land of great opportunities'. Therefore, immigrants were welcomed by the host culture, as there were a lot to share since the economy was doing well. This could not be the case where the host culture is experiencing economical hardship. The host would become hostile to the immigrant and this means very difficult for the newcomers to settle and adapt to new cultural environment ( Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005). In addition, consciously or unconsciously, the host culture may have a preconceived definition of the immigrant as part of their bigger human family or aliens or visitors. This

Dispute Settlement DB-3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dispute Settlement DB-3 - Research Paper Example One of the major markets of GM is China with 2.3 million vehicles sold in 2010, a 29 percent increase from 2009. GM attributes this increase in sales to the economic stimulus incentives in place in China. According to David Chen, the Vice President for GM, China Group, the government encourages local production of vehicles in China without considering whether the manufacturer is a domestic or foreign company (China Business Review, 2011). Furthermore in 2010, the government issued a policy that it will give an incentive of $460 rebates on the purchase of fuel efficient cars. This policy serves GM well because 26 vehicles manufactured by GM in China qualify for the rebate. Another international policy in China that proves beneficial to GM is that the government allows the use of lesser grade steel (Muller, 2010). This can be translated to a lower cost in manufacturing a car for China. International policies such as the above cited have positive impacts on the sales of GM; thus, the China market is a major market for GM. Even as early as 1997, GM already foresaw that China will be a big market for them; therefore, they invested in a joint venture with the Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. (SAIC) to establish their first technical center joint venture in China (China Business Review, 2011). Investments such as these have proven to be worthwhile for GM. GM is very optimistic with their China market and has intentions of increasing further their investment in the country because of the supportive policies of the government. In view of this, GM projects that in 15 to 20 years from now their sales could reach to a whooping 20 million cars. Another market of GM is India. Although GM entered the Indian market 16 years ago, it is now moving towards intensifying its market by focusing on dealerships and service network expansion (The Indian Express, 2012). In India, GM focuses on the small car market because of the

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example The further disposition of that property will operate as a secret trust requiring that the person to whom the bequest is granted to comply with the wishes of the donor provided he agrees to hold the property for the benefit of another or by virtue of his silence he acquiesces.1 There is evidence that Tom acquiesced in Vito’s request because when Vito made the bequest of 100,000 pounds and pointed out that the proceeds were to be disbursed between Lucy and Santino. Tom did not respond. Therefore his silence will be construed as consent to Vito’s wishes. The case of Gold and Gilbert v Hill provides some guidance for the validity of secret trust of 100,000 to Tom to be held upon trust for Santino and Lucy. Gilbert designated Gold as his beneficiary for an insurance policy in the sum of 350,000 by virtue of a non-testamentary disposition. When executing the necessary insurance policy form, Gilbert provided information that defined Gold as the executor of his estate. At a later time Gilbert executed a Will, in which he named his solicitor the executor of his estate with his wife designated as the only beneficiary.2 Thereafter Gilbert became involved in an intimate relationship with Carol following which he informed Gold of the particulars contained in his bequest of 350,000 via the insurance policy. He pointedly advised Gold that ‘if anything happens to me you will have to sort things out. You know what to do - look after Carol and the kids. Dont let that bitch get anything.’3 Following Gilbert’s death Gold and Carol took the matter to court seeking declarative relief on the grounds that Gold held the insurance policy proceeds in the terms of a secret trust for the benefit of Carol. The court held that based on the evidence which consisted of the information contained in Gilbert’s insurance application form together with his communication to Gold, on a balance of probabilities, operated to

NBA Lockout Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

NBA Lockout - Research Paper Example In other words, globalization has altered the concept of business law and its application comprehensively in the light of internationally recognized rights and regulations. Such features of business law are covered by legislation enacted by central and state governments. Sources of Business Law; The subcategories of the sources of business law are derived from statutory law, case law, natural law, English mercantile law and the law of custom and usage. All the areas and functions of a business are enforceable under business law through regulations of contracts, bailment, agency, sales of goods, partnerships, companies, negotiable instruments, pollution control etc. Union have been the prime focus of government and private sector because of the power and rights allocated by them from law. The history have been marked by unfair practices and social discrimination towards labor force that was intended to be secured with the assistance of law in good perception The objective behind the p ermission to form Union was to form an equal powerful body of labor against the corporate organizations to secure the interest of both the concerns faithfully concerning the fact that an individual worker have no power and authority to bargain against unfavorable terms and conditions. The National Labor Relation Act; The National Labor Relation Act was passed in the year 1935 with the features that illustrates the rights of employees in relation to the establishment and functioning of Union that includes right to form Union and join Union, to bargain collectively with authorities through union and to engage in strikes for securing fair decisions. The purpose of the Act is to secure labor from being a victim of unfair practices and allocated certain rights to work with prestige through negotiations and bargaining. Union Issues; The types of issues that can be regarded as important pertaining to the nature and scope of Union activities are categorized below; Mandatory Issues; any issu e that has been raised by either side is mandatory and the other party is bound to negotiate in good faith with honest efforts. The types of mandatory issues are usually working condition such as overtime, layoff, safety and security etc. Permissive Issues; this category encompasses issues that are not pressed to impasse and is only considered if both the parties are agreed on negotiation. The types of issues covered under the spectrum are the amount of dues to be paid to Union, Union related procedures and company’s product price related issues. Prohibited (illegal) issues; This category points over the issues that cannot be legally negotiated such as that of illegal discrimination in hiring and other union related technical agreement like close shop agreement or union security agreement. Types of Bargaining; The various types of bargaining involved in the procedure of negotiations are illustrated below for an over view. Distributive bargaining; This bargaining refers to the condition when there is a conflict of goal among the management and union. Integrative bargaining; This bargaining refers to the condition when there is no conflict of goal among the management and union, that is both the parties have common objective. Attitudinal Structuring; This bargaining refers to the condition when the objective is to impact the attitude of the other party. Intra organizational bargaining; This bargaining refers to the state when the objective is to resolve the conflict of the members of same side. Globalization and its impact on law of international business; International business today is an intertwined process that pervades nearly every

NAFTA Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NAFTA Case Study - Essay Example Nevertheless, this was required if Magma was to survive in the new business climate. In particular with the reduction in tariffs in the Mexican auto sector, how should Magma respond? To being with there are problems and opportunities. How should Magma respond to the problems is a good first question. The problem for its managers is that although there are very low wage employees available there, the Mexican infrastructure and business climate is not easy to work with. Plus, the employees may not cost much, but you get what you pay for (in some respects)—many are not highly skilled. The question facing Magma’s managers is whether it should follow many of the other manufacturers to Mexico. In some ways, this is not such a big problem. The sort of problems Magma foresees in Mexico are not so different than problems facing its competitors and its customers. Everyone is going to have the same limitations. All companies are going to invest in Mexico, but very few are going to jump in with both feet first. Magma should take a cautious approach and should especially review the history of Volkswagen starting up its factory in Mexico. Magma can’t avoi d having zero presence in Mexico, but it should not immediately put all its eggs in one basket. Shifting a small part of its business to Mexico during a trial period would provide managers with more information on which to base a later decision. Going it slow in the beginning is important, but Mexico offers a lot of opportunities to Magma. If predictions hold up, a lot of car manufacturing is going to be done in Mexico in the next few years. While there are a lot of initial problems, none of them are all that structural. The fact that employees are not skilled is a temporary one as is the problem of low-grade steel. It will take time for the market to adjust, but it will adjust, and Mexico will become more competitive. The

Cost and Benefits of Internal Recruitment for ACE Media Group Essay

Cost and Benefits of Internal Recruitment for ACE Media Group - Essay Example ACE Media Group will also save training and recruitment costs as the employee recruited will not need intensive training to perform his or her duties as a project lead in Malaysia. The director will only need to acclimatize to the foreign business environment but will not struggle to acquaint himself with the policies of the firm. The approach is also beneficial to the organization as it is much easier. The HR recruitment team will have access to sufficient information on potential candidates from its various branches across the world such as Sydney, UK, France Singapore and China. The availability of the information pool will make the selection process easier. In addition, internal recruitment will also facilitate succession planning. ACE Media group will incur several costs associated with internal recruitment. First, they would bear the opportunity costs linked to recruiting old talent who lack new perspectives acquired from outside the organization. Being that ACE Media Group is a big business, it is possible that internal politics will arise among interests groups, and this may jeopardize the unity of workers. Internal recruitment may not help in turning the company around as the recruited employee will tend to stick to the usual strategies and stale ideas due to inbreeding within the firm. External recruitment may bring to the company a new employee possibly a Malaysian who may not facilitate quick settlement in the foreign market due to local politics and prejudice.

Criminal justice system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal justice system - Assignment Example Thirdly, they both have a privilege against self-incrimination. Fourthly, both the juvenile and the adult have a right to notice of the charges in court. Nevertheless, both adult and juvenile offenders have the right to receive the Miranda warnings. During the court process, they both receive equal protection of their rights (Harry & Dammer, 2010). Finally, in both systems, before a can be convicted of any crimes, there must be a proof of unreasonable doubt that the person committed the crimes or the delinquent acts (Harry & Dammer, 2010). There are numerous comparisons between the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system. On the first note, the juvenile justice system is a characteristic of the criminal justice system. Juveniles are charged in civil proceedings and receive no criminal record unlike the adults who are charged in a criminal proceeding and on being find guilt are forced to carry a criminal record of one’s adult life. Juvenile court proceedin gs are carried out in an informal way whereas, in an adult criminal justice system, court proceedings are carried out in a formal manner (Harry & Dammer, 2010). There are many significant differences that exist between the juvenile justice system and the adult justice system (Harry & Dammer, 2010). In the juvenile justice system, the primary and viable goal is the rehabilitation, community protection and treatment of the individual. In a criminal justice system, punishment is the primary focus.... Another difference is the accessibility of records and proceedings. There is private public access to juvenile records and confidential court proceedings in a juvenile court unlike in the adult criminal court where criminal records and court proceedings are open to the public (Harry & Dammer, 2010). Also, in a juvenile system, a juvenile offender faces a hearing which is based on both his social history and legal factors whereas, in a criminal justice system, defendants are put on trial based on legal factors. Referring to public jury trial, the juveniles have no right to a jury trial unlike in the case adult criminal justice where defendants have a right to a public jury trial (Harry & Dammer, 2010). On the other hand, juveniles are persecuted for delinquent whereas defendants in a criminal court are judged as either innocent or guilty. In cases where the delinquent acts are serious, they might be considered as crimes and the juvenile will be tried in the adult courts (Harry & Damme r, 2010). There are some important differences between the juvenile and the adult justice systems that protect the offenders. For example, in the juvenile courts the nature of the offense and age is taken into consideration (Harry & Dammer, 2010). By considering these factors, a juvenile is protected from being tried as an adult in the adult courts. Similarly, in juvenile courts, parole is based primarily on surveillance only whereas in an adult criminal justice, parole is based on monitoring of illicit behaviors and surveillance (Harry & Dammer, 2010). The juvenile justice system is different from the adult criminal justices because in the juvenile courts,

Special Education Classroom Essay Example for Free

Special Education Classroom Essay The purpose of this study is to know whether or not the Discrete Trials Training, one of the main strategies under the Applied Behavior Analysis of Lovaas, is an effective and applicable strategy for special children students especially those who are severely mentally handicapped. Knowing whether or not this strategy is effective for special children, this could be considered as the immediate instruction that will be used by teachers for special children who are mentally handicapped. This study will look into whether there would be progress on the development of a mentally handicapped child when applying the Discrete Trials Training; if results will show that there are improvements on the performance of the student, then this study could be considered as a reference to support the strategy’s effectiveness. Information in this literature review was gathered through the accessibility of various online resources. The online libraries for different researches such as Questia and ERIC libraries were used as search engines to provide various abstracts and overviews of researches about discrete trial training. This literature review also made use of online libraries that specifically contain researches in line with special education. These online sources are Research Autism, Holding Thresholds, Down Syndrome Online, Central Valley Autism Project and Comprehensive information on Autism, Autism Spectrum, and Consulting Services. Different researches that are found to be helpful for this literature review were accessed through these websites. Aside from online research libraries, there are also information used in these literature reviews that were accessed through the website of a university, the University of Wisconsin-Stout. The main motive in conducting such a review is to prove whether the discrete trial training strategy of teaching is an effective way for special children particularly those who have difficulty in generalization of ideas and concepts. Historical Overview It has always been a challenge for special education teachers or instructors to develop new and innovative ways to help special children learn considering their mental capabilities. Special children are called special because they have special and different needs. The demand of educators of special children to posses the most effective strategy in promoting development in the mental thinking of a child is the primary reason why this literature review is done. At this point, there are many strategies that have been discovered by different people, but the question remains: Which one would be the most effective strategy to use? One of the many strategies that could be used in special education classes is Discrete Training Trials which is the main strategy of the Applied Behavior Analysis approach created by Lovaas (Discrete trial training, 2010). If a number of researches have already been done to prove that this strategy would be most effective for the mental development of a special child then more and more schools could adopt this strategy into their own so that the development of a special child can be assured. Relevant Theoretical Literature Since there are a number of strategies that have been developed, the search for the best and most effective strategy to implement inside the classroom is what this review is all about. The strategies that have been formulated have their basis on different learning theories. The Discrete Trial Training strategy is one of the many Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) approaches. In one literature review, the different behavioral approaches were examined to have their basis on the behavioral theory of Skinner (Benedict, 2007). Considering the behavioral theory of Skinner, Lovaas developed the Discrete Trial Training as a strategy that upholds the view of behaviorists that learning could be acquired through the use of positive and negative reinforcement (Benedict, 2007). This literature reviewed that the learning theory basis of the Discrete Trial Training under the Applied Behavior Analysis is grounded on the behaviorist learning principle which make use of imitation and reinforcement. This literature also reviewed that the children with special needs who experienced such mode of learning had noticeable development (Benedict, 2007). Applied Behavior Analysis in one study is mentioned to be the study of behavior and the manipulation to achieve a desired behavior and reduce and eventually remove an undesired behavior (Choutka et al. , 2004). With the Discrete Trial Training as one of its subsets, this particular strategy is said to monitor skill acquisition by undergoing a one-on-one instruction (Choutka et al. , 2004). The study also talked about how this particular strategy lacks research to support the reliability and effectiveness of such strategy. Relevant Research There has been an occurring question as to whether which strategy to implement is most effective for special children. In one study of the proponent of the discrete trial training strategy, Dr. O. Ivar Lovaas conducted behavior modification treatments for children with autism and after post treatment, results showed progress in the children’s comprehension and mental development were undoubtedly apparent (Lovaas, 1987). Results also manifested that this type of procedure could be used for other disorders that children may have, one of which could be schizophrenia (Lovaas, 1987). It is also found in one literature that studied the effectiveness of the discrete trial training for the treatment of children with autism. It is said in this study that the discrete trial training method could be used to advance children’s skills and at the same time manage their corresponding negative behavior (Smith, 2001). This research gathered all the necessary information regarding the basic steps of the discrete trial training, the time frame that each child must undergo the said strategy and what other strategies that could be combined with the use of the discrete trial training to further strengthen the development of the child (Smith, 2001). It is also discussed in this study that to effectively implement the discrete trial training strategy inside the classroom, teachers should undergo intensive and specialized training (Smith, 2001). Results showed that though the discrete trial training is a necessary strategy to help children with autism in their mental development, this strategy alone would not be sufficient (Smith, 2001). Though this may be the result of such studies, the researcher believed that there should be more studies and evaluation of the said strategy to further enhance and improve this particular strategy. This study of Smith showed the demand for a thorough evaluation and study of the effectiveness of the discrete trial training as a strategy in the mental development of a child. Another study examined and reviewed other studies, researches on the effectiveness of the discrete trial training as one of the treatment programs for the development of children with autism. This study reviewed how the applied behavior analysis method, most specifically the discrete trial training, is used to treat children with autism (Tews, 2007). After reviewing various studies and results, the review concluded that the method under the applied behavior analysis which is the discrete trial training is one possible strategy to help children with autism (Tews, 2007). Another study discussed the use of the discrete trial training to activate the spontaneity of special children’s response (Feeley and Jones, 2008). The study discussed how the discrete trial training provides much possibility to teach children in such a short span of time by using reinforcements to strengthen positive responses (Feeley and Jones, 2008). Results showed that the effectiveness of a strategy should not solely rely on which skill to attend to, rather consider which skill a child must acquire immediately (Feeley and Jones, 2008). Implications for Practice These researches showed that there is a need to continuously study and evaluate strategies and programs that would be implemented inside the special education classrooms. The researches showed inconsistent results, which give it more reason to further give emphasis on the study whether the discrete trial training is indeed an effective strategy to improve the mental development of a special child. Though there have been numerous studies and researches about the effectiveness of such strategy, these studies also pose questions that seem to be unanswered until now. This only implies that though this strategy has already been implemented to other special education classrooms, the inconsistency of the results should be considered as a sign that this strategy is not applicable for every child. Implications for Inquiry Though there are a number of studies about the effectiveness of the discrete trial training strategy to improve the mental development of a child with special needs, there is a noticeable inconsistency with the results of these studies conducted. This means that there is still a great deal of further research to be done and consistent results should be seen to prove that discrete trial training is indeed an effective strategy to use for the mental development of a special child. Summary The studies that are cited in this review of literature examined whether the discrete trial training is an effective strategy to use for the mental development of a child with special needs. In this study, there will also be adaptations as to how this strategy is implemented to special children in other researches. There will be interventions using the discrete trial training for the development of special children. Before and after the discrete trial training is implemented, the performances of each child will be compared and the result of this comparison will serve as the findings and conclusion of this study. This study would most likely be the same as that of previous studies as regards to the effectiveness of the discrete trial training; however most of these studies require further studies as well. References Benedict, C. S. (2007) Communication intervention for children with autism: a literature review, Retrieved from http://www. uwstout. edu/static/lib/thesis/2007/2007benedictc. pdf Choutka, C. , Doloughty, P. T. and Zirkel, P. A. (2004) The discrete trials of applied behavior analysis for children with autism: outcome-related factors in the case law. Questia, 38. Retrieved from http://www. questia. com/googleScholar. qst;jsessionid=MDDf7QMp2FwKnvN1r83h HlgdnDzL36BblJL6C3hLKd1TLTLcFgs! 1115883797! 2083947951? docId=5006551916 Discrete Trial Training (2010, May 20). Retrieved from http://www. researchautism. net/interventionitem. ikmlprintra=92infolevel=4 Feeley, K. and Jones, E. (2008) Teaching Spontaneous Responses to a Young Child with Down Syndrome, 12. Retrieved from http://www. downsyndrome. org/case- studies/2007/case-studies-2007. pdf Lovaas, O. I. (1987) Behavioral Treatment and Normal Educational and Intellectual Functioning in Young Autistic Children, 55 (1), pp. 3-9. Retrieved from http://www. cvapinc. org/files/1987_Lovaas_Study. pdf Smith, T. (2001) Discrete trial training in the treatment of autism, Retrieved from http://petemolino. com/uploads/Smith_-_DTT_in_Tx_of_Autism. pdf Tews, L. (2007) Early intervention for children with autism: methodologies critique. Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Retrieved from http://www. eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini. jsp _nfpb=true_ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ812650ERICExtSearch_Searc Type_0=noaccno=EJ812650 Tews, L. (2007) Research: early intervention for children with autism: methodologies critique. Healing Thresholds, 35 (1), Retrieved from http://autism. healingthresholds. com/research/early-intervention-children-autism methodologies-critique

Technical Writing Fundamentals Essay Example for Free

Technical Writing Fundamentals Essay User manuals are reference documents designed for use with individual pieces of equipment. The most common being phones, power tools, and electronics. (Dorbin, Keller Weisser, 2010). In this essay there will be critiquing on the user manual for the iPad version iOS 6.1 Software. This manual was chosen because it is associated with newest iPads. The criteria that will be used are; Audience Recognition, Development, Conciseness, Consistency, Ease of Use and Document Design. (Gerson Gerson, 2012). Audience Recognition: Pro: Based off of the many millions of users all over the world, Apple has done a great job at showing visuals and understanding for the many different types of readers. A great example is page 48, paragraph after the picture, they explain to start a conversation you must first tap then tap . This is a great way to show that they understand that a reader can visually see these icons and knows where to go next. Con: One thing that they could have used is an icon Key. On page 12 they have a key for status on the top bar of the phone but not an all icon key. Development: Pro: Apple provides a developed set of steps to complete the tasks. A great example would be page 49, when sending a picture message it shows you step-by-step directions as well as pictures of the icons to follow to send a picture/video. The steps are simple and precise. On top of page 12 Apple has a Warning label. They encourage you to read it by emphasizing there is a warning to avoid injury, and it links to their Appendix C page for Safety. It provides hazards, technical descriptions, accessories and the tools needed. (Gerson Gerson, 2012) Con: Even though apple provides several different types of warranties that you can purchase for your apple product, Apple should still have a generic warranty if not reference you to an apple store for warranty information. Conciseness: Pro: Each paragraph is to the point and there is very firm direction in explaining a situation or task. Page 32, pairing your Bluetooth for example. This is for some reason a difficult procedure for some people yet apple found a very short and simple way to explain this. Con: There are Apple terms and keys that a new user might not understand. Page 13 tells the readers they need an Apple ID for some features yet there is no description or information on how to obtain one. Consistency: Pro: The beginning of this manual is very consistent as for visuals, labeling and numbering. The terms are all like and you can completely understand the direction they are trying to lead you. Con: The first half of the manual is very consistent. Apple added one picture per page through the manual; yet every page from 96 to the end, was only words. The pictures, blue arrows and words stopped. They did not show consistency. Ease of Use: Pro: When reading this manual it allows for easy maneuvering. Great example is their table of contents. Say you have a problem with your Siri or would like to know more about it. Once you notice that it is on page 35, you do not need to scroll down, you simply click on the link and it takes you there. They clearly label their headings in a larger font and/or make them blue to differentiate. Con: A FAQ page would come in handy with this product. Many people have similar questions. If Apple were to insert questions frequently asked and direct them to the section that they need to go to it might help readers who were purchasing their product for the first time and had trouble with the terminology they use. An example would be home button. Any one who has an iPhone or iPad know that it is the square located in the bottom middle of the screen. A new user might not know what is being referenced. Document Design: Pro: A very good use of visuals would be page 11, SIM card tray. The visual demonstrates with blue arrows how to remove the tray from your devise with the SIM key and how to dislodge it from its holding and then how to replace. The visuals are self-explanatory and clear to the point. Con: There is so much information and technology going on with the iPad that the manual seems to go on forever. There is an abundance of writing and a lot to try and take in. This manual works if you use the table of contents to skim to what you need but to over look and to become familiar with this product, it is very intimidating to look at. Overall this user manual has amazing usability. It meets all of the criteria that is discussed in Technical Communication. Process and Product, Seventh Edition, Chapter Thirteen. References: Dobrin, S. I., Keller, C. J., Weisser, C. R. (2010). Technical communication in the twenty-first century (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Gerson, S.J., Gerson, S.M. (2012). Technical Communication. Process and Product. (7th Ed.). Pearson Education Link to Manual: http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/ipad_user_guide.pdf

Theories of Models of Health and Well-being

Theories of Models of Health and Well-being Health is Wealth: Did you know? â€Å"A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings, and learn how by his own thought to derive benefit from his illnesses.† Hippocrates, The Anthropology of Health and Healing Many people do not realise the significance of good health, and even if they do, they may still disregard it, whether at home or at work. When people talk about health, they usually refer to the condition of the body. However, health does not simply mean being free from pain or the symptoms of disease, it is everything that keeps us alive. The purpose of this essay is to expand the boundaries of our knowledge by exploring some relevant facts and figures relating to the different models of health. In this paper, it will tackle on two models of health the lifestyle theory model and the biomedical model. Biomedical model focuses on the physical processes, for instance biochemistry, pathology and physiology of a disease. It does not involve the role of social thing or individual subjectivity while lifestyle theory model is composed of three interlocking models: the structural model, the functional model, and the change model. In the next section, it will differentiate and contrast the two models of health. Lifestyle basically means the usual way a person goes in daily living. Most people, however, describe it in terms of wealth, this doesnt hit the mark. When all the aspects that truthfully compose a lifestyle are considered, the all-encompassing nature of this term becomes clear. A lifestyle does, of course, involve habits but it also covers such things as family status, wealth, careers and a lot more. No matter what a persons lifestyle happens to be, there are ways to improve upon bothersome areas. Everyone has their own typical lifestyle that cover up their distinctive actions on a daily basis. Some of the things that go into making ones lifestyle distinct include: habits it is everything a person does on a normal basis which makes up their unique lifestyle, from diet and the pursuit of a good  family fitness  to bad habits such as smoking, drinking etc. (Webster Online), careerit is the employment opportunities a person pursues it also help define lifestyle, financial means it isnt necessarily the most important facet of a lifestyle but it does help define the manner in which an individual might live and Emotional well beingit is also a state of mind. When personal peace and satisfaction are a part of everyday living; wealth wont necessarily matter in the creation of a healthy and happy lifestyle. In simpler words, the definition of lifestyle covers just about everything a person is and does on a regular basis. From personal wealth to bad habits, they all go into the big picture. The biomedical model focuses purely on biological factors, and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. This is considered to be the popular, modern way for health care professionals to diagnose and treat a condition in most Western countries (Merriam Webster Online). Most health care professionals do not first ask for a psychological or social history of a patient; instead, they tend to analyze and look for biophysical or genetic malfunctions. The focus is on objective laboratory tests rather than the subjective feelings or history of the patient (Dutta, 2008). The biomedical approach to disease has its roots in biology. It is mostly concerned with objectively classifying the natural deviations that a disease presents from a biological norm (Walsh, 2004). The biomedical model has played a major role in the strategies used to deliver health and human services in the world. It argues the pathology in human beings that has a biological or molecular basis. As for a treatment approach, the biomedical model has been very successful at curing many diseases. With this achievement, the professionals in a number of fields have been to a great extent influenced by the biomedical model in the assessment and treatment of both physical and emotional problems. The biomedical model being used today is supported by the combination of clinical findings with laboratory data and pathology findings. This model created a structure to examine, classify and treat disease. From this, basically pathologist, health is defined as absence of disease. Thus the world is divided between healthy and sick, with what the medical condition to recognize, demonstrate, and sort by procedures based on this method. Both of these models of health are different from most of the aspects. Though both promote health, their understanding and objective are different. Biomedical model of health explanatory frameworks for disease are not straight forward. Medical model and the associated assumption about the illness distinction and lay distinction indicate some of the major characteristics of the medical approach to disease: that it claims legitimacy and process from science; that is primarily focused on the biological; that is a universalistic and individualist framework: and that it is constructed and presented in opposition to other approach toward disease. Lifestyle theory on the other hand is an ambiguous concept which can be altered to account for a of range different situations; also provides doctors to construct explanatory narratives which draw on everyday language to describe daily practices (Hansen, Easthope, 2007). In addition to this, Lifestyle theory is also composed of three interlocking models: the structural model, the functional model and the change model. Structural model is to operationally define a lifestyle, and show how it fits within a larger classification system. Functional model accounts for lifestyle development in a person’s fear and belief system and divides developmental factors. Change model, it is held that a natural self-altering process exist in all living beings which can be capitalized upon to encourage desistance from lifestyle behavior (Walters, 2006). An example of biomedical model of health would claim that lung cancer is caused by smoking, while lifestyle model of heath may suggest that passive smoking or hereditary disposition to the disease can be causes of it. Pursuing this further, Blaxter (2004) yet suggest that bio medical model of heath does not promote a healthy lifestyle, as it could be thought if you are smoking, excessively drinking and eating unhealthily but not feeling ill, then it is acceptable to carry on with that. Controversially, lifestyle model of health is looking at it differently, by encouraging people to lead a healthy lifestyle and prevent illnesses and diseases (Blaxter, 2004). In conclusion, this essay helped to further understand and to think broader the significant facts and figures relating to the different health models. Despite the immense amounts of research studying statistical relationships among lifestyle factors and disease very little known about the way medicine in general or doctors in particular speak about lifestyle or apply theory related to it when explaining health and disease. To pay off the lack of knowledge about medical understandings of lifestyle we draw together what is known about such understandings and report on our experimental research on the topic. In short, exploring the way that lifestyle is visualized and applied within medicine. In it we talk to a number of unanswered questions about medical understanding of lifestyle. Reference List Biomedical, Habit, Lifestyle. InMerriam Webster Online,Retrieved March 20, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary Blaxter, M. (2004). Health, Wiley Dutta, M. (2008). Communicating Health: A Culture-centered Approach, Polity  Hansen E., Easthope G. (2007). Lifestyle in Medicine, London: Routledge Walsh, M. (2004). Introduction to Sociology for Health Carers, Nelson Thornes Walters, G. (2006), Lifestyle Theory:Past, Present, and Future, Nova Publishers Womack, M. (2010). The Anthropology of Health and Healing, Almira Press